This chapter highlights Nepal’s successful approach to conserving high-profile trafficked wildlife (e.g., rhinoceros) within protected areas and explains why a community-led approach to conservation is necessary for the protection of the country’s pangolin populations, which occur largely outside

There are long‐standing debates about the effectiveness and social impacts of enforcement‐based conservation, particularly as investments into enforcement increase in response to growing alarm about Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT).

Community- Based Anti-Poaching Operation (CBAPO) in Nepal is the unique community- based initiatives of wildlife conservation that involves local people in the process of managing their own natural resources.

In 2016, the Nepalese government announced its fourth year of zero rhino poaching as well as increases in the population. Two primary factors are said to have led to this achievement:

1. Institutional and legislative changes allowing strict law enforcement